Our Solar System

The solar system is comprised of our star, the Sun, and all the celestial objects gravitationally bound to it, including the eight planets, their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and other space debris. It's located within the Milky Way galaxy and has existed for roughly 4.6 billion years. 

The asteroid belt is a region of space located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, filled with numerous irregularly shaped rocky bodies called asteroids. It is essentially a collection of space debris left over from the formation of the solar system, containing millions of asteroids of various sizes.

 The Kuiper Belt is a region of space beyond Neptune, populated by icy bodies and considered a source of short-period comets. It's a vast, doughnut-shaped region extending from roughly 30 to 55 AU (Astronomical Units) from the Sun. Also left over from the formation of the solar system

The Oort Cloud is a theoretical cloud of icy bodies believed to exist far beyond the Kuiper Belt, marking the outer reaches of our solar system. It's thought to be the source of long-period comets.

The Planets

Mercury
Symbol

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 57,909,175 km
English: 35,983,095 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 46,000,000 km
English: 28,580,000 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 69,820,000 km
English: 43,380,000 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 2,439.7 km
English: 1,516.0 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 15,329.1 km

Volume
Metric: 60,827,200,000 km3
English: 14,593,200,000 mi3

Mass
Metric: 330,220,000,000,000,
000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 5.427 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 74,800,000 km2
English: 28,900,000
square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 3.7 m/s2
English: 12.1 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 15,300 km/h
English: 9,500 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
58.646 Earth days
1407.5 hours

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
0.241 Earth years
87.97 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 172,341 km/h
English: 107,088 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
0.20563069

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
7 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
0 degrees

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 356,000,000 km
English: 221,000,000 miles

Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature
Metric: -173/427 °C
English: -279/801 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Surface pressure
trace (≲ 0.5 nPa)
atomic oxygen
sodium
magnesium
atomic hydrogen
potassium
calcium
helium
Trace amounts of iron, aluminium, argon, dinitrogen, dioxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, xenon, krypton, and neon.

Venus
Symbol ♀

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 108,208,930 km
English: 67,237,910 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 107,476,000 km
English: 66,782,000 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 108,942,000 km
English: 67,693,000 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 6,051.8 km
English: 3,760.4 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 38,025 km
English: 23,627 miles

Volume
Metric: 928,400,000,000 km3

Mass
Metric: 4,868,500,000,000,000,
000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 5.24 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 460,200,000 km2
English: 177,700,000 square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 8.87 m/s2
English: 29.1 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 37,300 km/h
English: 23,200 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
-243 Earth days (retrograde)
-5832 hours (retrograde)

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
0.615 Earth years
224.7 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 126,077 km/h
English: 78,341 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
.0068

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
3.39 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
177.3 degrees

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 675,300,000 km
English: 419,600,000 miles

Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature
Metric: 462 °C
English: 864 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Surface pressure
93 bar (9.3 MPa)
92 atm

Composition by volume
96.5% carbon dioxide
3.5% nitrogen
0.015% sulphur dioxide
0.0070% argon
0.0020% water vapour
0.0017% carbon monoxide
0.0012% helium
0.0007% neon
Trace carbonyl sulfide
Trace hydrogen chloride
Trace hydrogen fluoride 

Earth
Symbol 🜨 and ♁

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 108,208,930 km
English: 67,237,910 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 107,476,000 km
English: 66,782,000 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 108,942,000 km
English: 67,693,000 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 6,051.8 km
English: 3,760.4 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 38,025 km
English: 23,627 miles

Volume
Metric: 928,400,000,000 km3

Mass
Metric: 4,868,500,000,000,000,
000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 5.24 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 460,200,000 km2
English: 177,700,000 square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 8.87 m/s2
English: 29.1 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 37,300 km/h
English: 23,200 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
-243 Earth days (retrograde)
-5832 hours (retrograde)

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
0.615 Earth years
224.7 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 126,077 km/h
English: 78,341 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
.0068

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
3.39 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
177.3 degrees

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 675,300,000 km
English: 419,600,000 miles

Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature
Metric: 462 °C
English: 864 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Surface pressure
101.325 kPa (at sea level)

Composition by volume
78.08% nitrogen (dry air)
20.95% oxygen (dry air)
≤1% water vapor (variable)
0.9340% argon
0.0415% carbon dioxide
0.00182% neon
0.00052% helium
0.00017% methane
0.00011% krypton
0.00006% hydrogen

Moon
Symbol ☾ or ☽

Perigee
362600 km
(356400–370400 km)

Apogee
405400 km
(404000–406700 km)

Semi-major axis
384399 km (1.28 ls; 1/389 AU; 1 LD)

Mean orbit radius
384784 km[citation needed]
(1.28 ls; 1/384 AU; 1.001 LD)

Eccentricity
0.0549

Orbital period (sidereal)
27.321661 d
(27 d 7 h 43 min 11.5 s)

Orbital period (synodic)
29.530589 d
(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s)

Average orbital speed
1.022 km/s

Inclination
5.145° to the ecliptic

Longitude of ascending node Regressing by one revolution in 18.61 years

Argument of perigee Progressing by one
revolution in 8.85 years

Physical characteristics
Mean radius
1737.4 km
(0.2727 of Earth's)

Equatorial radius
1738.1 km
(0.2725 of Earth's)

Polar radius
1736.0 km
(0.2731 of Earth's)

Flattening
0.0012
Circumference
10921 km (equatorial)

Surface area
3.793×107 km2
(0.074 of Earth's)

Volume
2.1958×1010 km3
(0.02 of Earth's)

Mass
7.346×1022 kg
(0.0123 of Earth's)

Mean density
3.344 g/cm3
0.606 × Earth

Surface gravity
1.622 m/s2 (5.32 ft/s2)
0.1654 g0

Moment of inertia factor
0.3929±0.0009

Escape velocity
2.38 km/s
(8600 km/h; 5300 mph)

Synodic rotation period
29.530589 d
(29 d 12 h 44 min 2.9 s; synodic; solar day) (spin-orbit locked)

Sidereal rotation period
27.321661 d (spin-orbit locked)

Equatorial rotation velocity
4.627 m/s

Axial tilt
1.5424° to ecliptic
6.687° to orbit plane
24° to Earth's equator

North pole right ascension
17h 47m 26s
266.86°

North pole declination
65.64°

Albedo
0.136
Surface temp. min/mean/max
Equator
100 K/250 K/390 K
85°N -/150 K/230 K

Surface absorbed dose rate
13.2 μGy/h
(during lunar daytime)

Surface equivalent dose rate
57.0 μSv/h
(during lunar daytime)

Apparent magnitude
−2.5 to −12.9[c]
−12.74 (mean full moon)

Absolute magnitude
(H) 0.2

Angular diameter
29.3 to 34.1 arcminutes

Atmospheric Constituents
Surface pressure
10−7 Pa (1 picobar) (day)
10−10 Pa (1 femtobar)
(night)

Composition by volume
He Ar Ne Na K H 

Mars
Symbol ♂

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 227,936,640 km
English: 141,633,260 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 206,600,000 km
English: 128,400,000 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 249,200,000 km
English: 154,900,000 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 3,397 km
English: 2,111 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 21,344 km
English: 13,263 miles

Volume
Metric: 163,140,000,000 km3

Mass
Metric: 641,850,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 3.94 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 144,100,000 km2
English: 89,500,000 square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 3.693 m/s2
English: 12.116 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 18,072 km/h
English: 11,229 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
1.026 Earth days
24.62 hours

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
1.8807 Earth years
686.93 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 86,871 km/h
English: 53,979 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
.0934

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
1.8 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
25.19

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 1.366,900,000 km
English: 849,400,000 miles

Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature
Metric: -87 to -5 °C
English: -125 to 23 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Surface pressure
0.636 (0.4–0.87) kPa
0.00628 atm

Composition by volume
95.97% carbon dioxide
1.93% argon
1.89% nitrogen
0.146% oxygen
0.0557% carbon monoxide
0.0210% water vapor

Moons
1. Phobos
2. Deimos 

Jupiter
Symbol ♃

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 778,412,020 km
English: 483,682,810 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 740,742,600 km
English: 460,276,100 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 816,081,400 km
English: 507,089,500 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 71,492 km
English: 44,423 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 449,197 km
English: 279,118 miles

Volume
Metric: 1,425,500,000,000,000 km3
English: 342,000,000,000,000 mi3

Mass
Metric: 1,898,700,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 1.33 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 62,179,600,000 km2
English: 24,007,700,000 square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 20.87 m/s2
English: 68.48 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 214,300 km/h
English: 133,200 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
0.41354 Earth days
9.925 hours

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
11.8565 Earth years
4330.6 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 47,051 km/h
English: 29,236 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
.04839

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
1.305 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
3.12 degrees

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 4,774,000,000 km
English: 2,996,000,000 miles

Effective Temperature
Metric: -148 °C
English: -234 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Surface pressure
200–600 kPa (30–90 psi)
(opaque cloud deck)[19]
Scale height 27 km (17 mi)

Composition by volume
89%±2.0% hydrogen
10%±2.0% helium
0.3%±0.1% methane
0.026%±0.004% ammonia
0.0028%±0.001% hydrogen deuteride
0.0006%±0.0002% ethane
0.0004%±0.0004% water

Moons
1. Metis
2. Adrastea
3. Amalthea
4. Thebe
5. Io
6. Europa
7. Ganymede
8. Callisto
9. Themisto
10. Leda
11. Himalia
12. Lysithea
13. Elara
14. S/2000 J11
15. Iocaste
16. Praxidike
17. Harpalyke
18. Ananke
19. Isonoe
20. Erinome
21. Taygete
22. Chaldene
23. Carme
24. Pasiphae
25. S/2002 J1
26. Kalyke
27. Magaclite
28. Sinope
29. Callirrhoe
30. Euporie
31. Kale
32. Orthosie
33. Thyone
34. Euanthe
35. Hermippe
36. Pasithee
37. Eurydome
38. Aitne
39. Sponde
40. Autonoe
And 57 more 

Saturn
Symbol ♄

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 1,426,725,400 km
English: 885,904,700 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 1,349,467,000 km
English: 838,519,000 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 1,503,983,000 km
English: 934,530,000 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 60,268 km
English: 37,449 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 378,675 km
English: 235,298 miles

Volume
Metric: 827,130,000,000,000 km3

Mass
Metric: 568,510,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 0.70 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 43,466,000,000 km2
English: 16,782,000,000 square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 7.207 m/s2
English: 23.64 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 127,760 km/h
English: 79,390 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
0.44401 Earth days
10.656 hours

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
29.4 Earth years
10755.7 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 34,821 km/h
English: 21,637 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
.0541506

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
2.484 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
26.73 degrees

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 8,725,000,000 km
English: 5,421,000,000 miles

Effective Temperature
Metric: -178 °C
English: -288 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Surface pressure
>>1000 bars
Scale height 59.5 km

Composition by volume
96.3%±2.4% hydrogen
3.25%±2.4% helium
0.45%±0.2% methane
0.0125%±0.0075% ammonia
0.0110%±0.0058% hydrogen deuteride
0.0007%±0.00015% ethane
Icy volatiles: ammoniawater iceammonium hydrosulfide

Moons:
1. Pan
2. Atlas
3. Prometheus
4. Pandora
5. Epimetheus
6. Janus
7. Mimas
8. Enceladus
9. Tethys
10. Telesto
11. Calypso
12. Dione
13. Helene
14. Rhea
15. Titan
16. Hyperion
17. Iapetus
18. Phoebe
19. Ymir
20. Paaliaq
21. Siarnaq
22. Tarvos
23. Kiviuq
24. Ijiraq
25. Thrym
26. Skadi
27. Mundilfari
28. Erriapo
29. Albiorix
30. Suttung
31. S/2003 S1
And 243 more 

Uranus
Symbol ⛢, ♅

Discovered by William Herschel in 1781

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 2,870,972,200 km
English: 1,783,939,400 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 2,735,560,000 km
English: 1,699,800,000 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 3,006,390,000 km
English: 1,868,080,000 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 25,559 km
English: 15,882 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 160,592 km
English: 99,787 miles

Volume
Metric: 69,142,000,000,000 km3

Mass
Metric: 86,849,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 1.30 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 8,115,600,000 km2
English: 3,133,400,000 square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 8.43 m/s2
English: 27.7 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 76,640 km/h
English: 47,620 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
-0.7196 Earth days (retrograde)
-17.24 hours (retrograde)

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
84.02 Earth years
30,687.2 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 24,607 km/h
English: 15,290 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
.047168

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
0.770 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
97.86 degrees

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 17,620,000,000 km

Effective Temperature
Metric: -216 °C
English: -357 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Scale height
27.7 km

Composition by volume Below 1.3 bar (130 kPa):
83 ± 3% hydrogen
15 ± 3% helium
2.3% methane
0.009% (0.007–0.015%) hydrogen deuteride
hydrogen sulfide (trace amount)
Icy volatiles: ammonia, water ice, ammonium hydrosulfide, methane hydrate

Moons:
1. Cordelia
2. Ophelia
3. Bianca
4. Cressida
5. Desdemona
6. Juliet
7. Portia
8. Rosalind
9. S/2003 U2
10. Belinda
11. 1986 U10
12. Puck
13. S/2003 U1
14. Miranda
15. S/2001 U3
16. Ariel
17. Umbriel
18. Titania
19. Oberon
20. Caliban
21. Stephano
22. Trinculo
23. Sycorax
24. S/2003 U3
25. Prospero
26. Setebos
27. S/2001 U2 
And 1 more

Neptune
Symbol ♆, ⯉

Discovered by Johann Galle in 1846

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 4,498,252,900 km
English: 2,795,084,800 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 4,459,630,000 km
English: 2,771,087,000 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 4,536,870,000 km
English: 2,819,080,000 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 24,764 km
English: 15,388 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 155,597 km
English: 96,683 miles

Volume
Metric: 62,526,000,000,000 km3

Mass
Metric: 102,440,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 1.76 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 7,640,800,000 km2
English: 2,950,100,000 square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 10.71 m/s2
English: 35.14 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 85,356 km/h
English: 53,038 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
0.67125 Earth days
16.11 hours

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
164.79 Earth years
60,190 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 19,720 km/h
English: 12,253 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
.00859

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
1.769 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
29.58 degrees

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 28,142,000,000 km
English: 17,487,000,000 miles

Effective Temperature
Metric: -214 °C
English: -353 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Scale height
19.7±0.6 km

Composition by volume
80%±3.2% hydrogen
19%±3.2% helium
1.5%±0.5% methane
~0.019% hydrogen deuteride
~0.00015% ethane
Icy volatiles: ammonia, water ice, ammonium hydrosulfide

Moons:
1. Naiad
2. Thalassa
3. Despina
4. Nereid
5. Galatea
6. Larissa
7. Proteus
8. Triton
9. S/2002 N1
10. S/2002 N2
11. S/2002 N3
12. S/2002 N4
13. S/2003 N1 
And 3 more

Pluto
Symbol ♇ or ⯓

Discovered by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930

Average Distance from the Sun
Metric: 5,906,380,000 km
English: 3,670,050,000 miles

Perihelion (closest)
Metric: 4,436,820,000 km
English: 2,756,902,000 miles

Aphelion (farthest)
Metric: 7,375,930,000 km
English: 4,583,190,000 miles

Equatorial Radius
Metric: 1,151 km
English: 715 miles

Equatorial Circumference
Metric: 7,232 km
English: 4,494 miles

Volume
Metric: 6,390,000,000 km3
English: 1,530,000,000 mi3

Mass
Metric: 13,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg

Density
Metric: 2 g/cm3

Surface Area
Metric: 16,650,000 km2
English: 6,430,000 square miles

Equatorial Surface Gravity
Metric: 0.81 m/s2
English: 2.7 ft/s2

Escape Velocity
Metric: 4,570 km/h
English: 2,840 mph

Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day)
6.387 Earth days
153.3 hours

Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year)
247.92 Earth years
90,553 Earth days

Mean Orbit Velocity
Metric: 17,096 km/h
English: 10,623 mph

Orbital Eccentricity
0.2488

Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic
17.14 degrees

Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
119.61 degrees

Orbital Circumference
Metric: 32,820,000,000 km
English: 20,390,000,000 miles

Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature
Metric: -233/-223 °C
English: -387/-369 °F

Atmospheric Constituents
Surface pressure
1.0 Pa (2015) (9.9×10−6 atm)

Composition by volume
Nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide

Moons:
1. Charon 
2. Styx
3. Nix
4. Kerberos
5. Hydra

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